• Medical Laboratory Manual

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Viva Questions: CG & V Lab(10CSL67) 1. Define Computer graphics? Computer graphics are graphics created by computers and, more generally, the representation and manipulation of pictorial data by a computer 2. Define Computer Animation? Computer animation is the art of creating moving images via the use of computers. It is a subfield of computer graphics and animation 3. Define Pixel?

The word pixel is based on a contraction of pix (“pictures”) and el (for “element”). Pixels are normally arranged in a 2-dimensional grid, and are often represented using dots, squares, or rectangles 4. Define Raster graphics? Raster Graphics, which is the representation of images as an array of pixels, as it is typically used for the representation of photographic images. Define Image?

An image (from Latin imago) is an artifact, usually two-dimensional (a picture), that has a similar appearance to some subject—usually a physical object or a person. Define Rendering?

Rendering is the process of generating an image from a model, by means of computer programs. Define Ray Tracing? Ray tracing is a technique for generating an image by tracing the path of light through pixels in an image plane. Define Projection? Projection is a method of mapping points to a plane. Define 3D Projection?

Medical Laboratory Manual

3D projection is a method of mapping three dimensional points to a two dimensional plane. Define Texture Mapping? Texture mapping is a method for adding detail, surface texture, or color to a computer-generated graphic or 3D model. Define Vector Graphics? Vector graphics formats are complementary to raster graphics, which is the representation of images as an array of pixels, as it is typically used for the representation of photographic images. Define Pinhole camera model?

The pinhole camera model describes the mathematical relationship between the coordinates of a 3D point and its projection onto the image plane of an ideal pinhole camera, where the camera aperture is described as a point and no lenses are used to focus light. Define digital image?

A digital image is a representation of a two-dimensional image using ones and zeros (binary). Without qualifications, the term “digital image” usually refers to raster images. Define Grayscale? A grayscale or greyscale digital image is an image in which the value of each pixel is a single sample, that is, it carries only intensity information. Define Pinhole Camera? A pinhole camera is a very simple camera with no lens and a single very small aperture. Simply explained, it is a light-proof box with a small hole in one side.

A charge-coupled device (CCD) is an analog shift register that enables the transportation of analog signals (electric charges) through successive stages (capacitors), controlled by a clock signa. Define Image Resolution? Image resolution describes the detail an image holds.

The term applies equally to digital images, film images, and other types of images. Higher resolution means more image detail. Define Wavelength? Wavelength is the distance between repeating units of a propagating wave of a given frequency. What is an Electromagnetic Spectrum?

The electromagnetic (EM) spectrum is the range of all possible electromagnetic radiation frequencies. The “electromagnetic spectrum” (usually just spectrum) of an object is the characteristic distribution of electromagnetic radiation from that particular object. Define Halftone? Halftone is the reprographic technique that simulates continuous tone imagery through the use of dots, varying either in size or in spacing. ‘Halftone’ can also be used to refer specifically to the image that is produced by this process. World Coordinate Systems. While every point in the FITS data array can be located in the coordinate system determined by the array axes.

World Coordinate Systems (WCS) are any coordinate systems that describe the physical coordinate associated with a data array, such as sky coordinates. What is OpenGL? OpenGL(R) is the software interface for graphics hardware that allows graphics programmers to produce high-quality color images of 3D objects.

OpenGL is a rendering only, vendor neutral API providing 2D and 3D graphics functions, including modeling, transformations, color, lighting, smooth shading, as well as advanced features like texture mapping, NURBS, fog, alpha blending and motion blur. OpenGL works in both immediate and retained (display list) graphics modes.

OpenGL is window system and operating system independent. OpenGL has been integrated with Windows NT and with the X Window System under UNIX. Also, OpenGL is network transparent. A defined common extension to the X Window System allows an OpenGL client on one vendor’s platform to run across a network to another vendor’s OpenGL server 23. What hardware supports the OpenGL API? Many vendors have developed or are developing implementations of the OpenGL API for a variety of embedded hardware devices including aircraft avionics, PDAs (personal digital assistants such as PalmTM), cellular phones, game consoles (Sony Playstation® 2), television set-top boxes, and display devices (X-Terms and network computers).

The small size of the OpenGL API, its open nature, and now free use of the sample implementation make the OpenGL API an ideal graphics library for these types of applications. What are the benefits of OpenGL for hardware and software developers?

∗ Industry standard ∗ Reliable and portable. ∗ Easy to use. ∗ Well-documented. What is the GLUT Toolkit?

GLUT is a portable toolkit which performs window and event operations to support OpenGL rendering 26. How does the camera work in OpenGL? As far as OpenGL is concerned, there is no camera. More specifically, the camera is always located at the eye space coordinate (0.0, 0.0, 0.0). To give the appearance of moving the camera, your OpenGL application must move the scene with the inverse of the camera transformation by placing it on the MODELVIEW matrix. This is commonly referred to as the viewing transformation.

In practice this is mathematically equivalent to a camera transformation but more efficient because model transformations and camera transformations are concatenated to a single matrix. As a result though, certain operations must be performed when the camera and only the camera is on the MODELVIEW matrix. For example to position a light source in world space it most be positioned while the viewing transformation and only the viewing transformation is applied to the MODELVIEW matrix. How do I implement a zoom operation? A simple method for zooming is to use a uniform scale on the ModelView matrix.

However, this often results in clipping by the zNear and zFar clipping planes if the model is scaled too large. A better method is to restrict the width and height of the view volume in the Projection matrix. For example, your program might maintain a zoom factor based on user input, which is a floating-point number. When set to a value of 1.0, no zooming takes place. Larger values result in greater zooming or a more restricted field of view, while smaller values cause the opposite to occur. How do I get a specified point (XYZ) to appear at the center of the scene? GluLookAt is the easiest way to do this.

Simply set the X, Y, and Z values of your point as the fourth, fifth, and sixth parameters to gluLookAt. Define Instruction Pipeline? An instruction pipeline is a technique used in the design of computers and other digital electronic devices to increase their instruction throughput (the number of instructions that can be executed in a unit of time).

Define Geometric Pipeline? Geometric manipulation of modeling primitives, such as that performed by a Geometry Pipeline, is the first stage in computer graphics systems which perform image generation based on geometric models. Audi manual gwl3ai2. Define Perspective Projection? Perspective (from Latin perspicere, to see through) in the graphic arts, such as drawing, is an approximate representation, on a flat surface (such as paper), of an image as it is perceived by the eye. The two most characteristic features of perspective are that objects are drawn.